Timeline: Steven's Genealogy

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Steven's Genealogy
WRIGHT, SAVILL, MURRELL, BURLES, BRETT, GRIGGS, FRENCH, WILLINGALE and STEIN Family Names

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	Date	Event(s)
1	1843	UK - Alexander Bain (1818-1903) invented an early fax machine UK - About 2000 miles of railway lines now laid
2	1844	UK - Charles Darwin wrote, but didn't publish, an essay presaging the theory of the origin of species. USA - Samuel Finley Breese Morse demonstrates a telegraph, using a code of his own invention UK - Parliament passes the Bank Charter Act Yorkshire, UK - Foundation of the Rochdale Co-Operative Society - Chartist and Owenite workers of Rochdale open Rochdale Pioneers Store (cooperative) in Toad (T'owd) Lane UK - Royal Commission on the Health of Towns UK - Two years of railway mania begins across Britain. Massive investment and speculation leads to the laying of 5,000 miles of track UK - Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children founded UK - Englishman John Mercer invents mercerized cotton. UK - Ten Hours Bill limited working hours for women and youths in textile business to 10 hours/day, passes thanks to Lord Shaftesbury's efforts during period to 1847
3	1845	Ireland - Irish Potato Famine kills more than a million people in two years UK - Frederick Engels publishes The Condition of the Working Class in England UK - There are reckoned to be 210 accountants in London UK - General Enclosure Act, further enclosure prohibited USA - James Polk president of the USA to 1849. USA - American Elias Howe invents a sewing machine. UK - Robert William Thomson patents the first vulcanised rubber pneumatic tyre. India - Conquest of Punjab and Kashmir (to 1849)
4	1846	UK - Repeal of the Corn Laws, Britain moves towards complete free trade UK - Electric Telegraph Company formed, 17 offices by 1854 USA - Mexican-American War 1846-1848. USA - Dr. William Morton, a Massachusetts dentist, is the first to use anesthesia for tooth extraction.
5	1847	UK - Flourens discovered the anesthetic properties of chloroform USA - Levi Strauss invents denim jeans UK - Hungarian Ignaz Semmelweis invents antisceptics.
6	1848	UK - Major Chartist demonstration in London. UK - Parliament passes the Public Health Act UK - Karl Marx publishes The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital UK - 5000 miles of railway tracks now laid, 2000 of which were equipped with telegraph wires; Britain now produces about half of world's pig iron, trebles output within 30 years UK - Queen's College for Women founded
7	1849	USA - Zachary Taylor president of the USA 1849-1850. Zachary Taylor died while in office. UK - Walter Hunt invents the safety pin.
8	1850	USA - American Joel Houghton invented the first dishwasher. He made it out of wood, and gave it a hand-turned wheel that splashed water on the dishes inside. It didn't really work, but it did get the first 'dishwasher' patent UK - First machine-made paper bag UK - Mines Inspectorate created, helps protect adult male mine workers USA - Millard Fillmore president of the USA 1850-1853. Vice president under Zachary Taylor, he was sworn in as president after Taylor's death.
9	1851	UK - The Great Exhibition is staged in Hyde Park. Thanks to Prince Albert, it is a great success UK - Window tax abolished USA - Patent for sewing machine issued to Isaac Singer UK - British Census shows 10,736,000 females, 8,155,000 of whom were aged 10 and older, largest occupational group domestic service workers, 905,000, 145,000 washerwomen, 55,000 charwomen (cleaners), 272,000 in cotton industry, 113,000 in woolen industry, 140,000 in lace, hosiery and linen Europe - First submarine cable, Dover to Calais London, UK - Reuters opens news agency Africa - Livingstone's explorations begin Australia - Population of Australia rises from 405,000 in 1851 to 1,168,000 in 1861 Sep 1851: Melbourne, Australia - Gold fever - 19,000 immigrants land in one month, for the whole year 94,664, seven times as many as 1851
10	1852	UK - Death of the Duke of Wellington UK - Derby's first minority Conservative government UK - Aberdeen's coalition government is established
11	1853	UK - Potato crisps invented by a cook named George Crum. Crimea - Florence Nightingale first recommended the regimen of cleanliness which dramatically reduced the death rate in hospitals UK - Vaccination against smallpox is made compulsory UK - Queen Victoria uses chloroform during birth of Prince Leopold UK - William Gladstone presents his first budget UK - Franklin Pierce president of the USA 1853-1857.
12	1854	UK - The Northcote-Trevelyan civil service report is published UK - John Tyndall demonstrates the principles of fiber optics. UK - Crimean War begins, as Britain and France attempt to defend European interests in the Middle East against Russia
13	1855	UK - John Snow, investigating London's piped water supply, showed graphically that cholera could be transmitted by water from a particular pump. UK - Palmerston's first government comes to power
14	1856	Crimea - Crimean War comes to an end. UK - The Victoria Cross is instituted for military bravery UK - Every county and borough required to employ police force UK - Marriage and Divorce Act permits any man to divorce his wife on grounds of adultery, permits woman same but has to also show cruelty or desertion; beforehand, a special Act of Parliament was required for divorce UK - Britons panicked by false rumours of Napoleon III's designs on Britain UK - John Stuart Mill publishes Liberty Great novels: Dickens, Dumas, Flaubert, Turgenev, Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy France - Louis Pasteur invents pasteurisation. New Zealand - Population of New Zealand rises from less than 60,000 to 350,000 in the period to 1878
15	1857	Atlantic - Cyrus Field made his first attempt at laying a trans-Atlantic telegraph cable. In 1866, his fourth attempt was successful. China - The Second Opium War opens China to European trade. India - The Indian Mutiny erupts against British Rule on the sub-continent USA - James Buchanan president of the USA 1857-1861. USA - George Pullman invents the Pullman Sleeping Car for train travel.
16	1858	UK - Derby establishes his second minority government UK - Parliament passes the India Act UK - Eraser fitted to end of pencil UK - Jean Lenoir invents an internal combustion engine. UK - Hamilton Smith patents the rotary washing machine.
17	1859	UK - Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life asserts that all life had a common ancestor and that the origin of species was natural selection UK - Palmerston brings his second Liberal government to power. UK - Samuel Smiles' Self-Help published
18	1860	UK - Joseph Wilson Swan invented the light bulb, an incandescent lamp using a carbon filament. UK - Gladstone's budget and the Anglo-French Cobden Treaty codifies and extends the principles of free trade
19	1861	UK - Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis published his deduction that childbirth fever was transmitted on the hands of doctors during their examinations UK - Death of Prince Albert, Prince Consort Australia - Women first given vote USA - Abraham Lincoln president of the USA 1861-1865. USA - Elisha Otis patents elevator safety brakes, creating a safer elevator. USA - Linus Yale invents the Yale lock or cylinder lock. USA - American Civil War (to 1865)
20	1862	France - Louis Pasteur published the germ theory: infection is caused by self-replicating microorganisms, and that attenuated viral cultures granted immunity. These beneficent antigens he named vaccines in honor of Edward Jenner and his vaccinia virus UK - Parliament passes the Limited Liability Act in order to provide vital stimulus to accumulation of capital in shares UK - Alexander Parkes invents the first man-made plastic, Parkesine. UK - Dr. Richard Gatling patents the machine gun.
21	1863	UK - Edward, Prince of Wales, marries Princess Alexandra of Denmark. UK - The Salvation Army is founded UK - First underground railway opens in London
22	1864	UK - Chimney-sweeper's Act, due in part to Charles Kinglsey's Water Babies UK - Great Battle of Berkhamstead Common saves common land, Epping Forest also saved UK - Reform Bill, working men given franchise Canada - First independent dominion in the British Empire under the Dominion of Canada Act UK - Judge declares trades unions illegal
23	1865	Finland - Nokia corporation established as a forest industry enterprise by mining engineer Fredrik Idestam UK - Lister, using carbolic acid as antiseptic and sterilizing his instrument, proved the efficacy of antiseptic surgery UK - Death of Palmerston. Russell establishes his second Liberal government UK - Lewis Carroll publishes Alice's Adventure in Wonderland UK - Andrew Johnson president of the USA 1865-1869. Vice president under Abraham Lincoln, he was sworn in as president upon Lincoln's death. 14 Apr 1865: USA - Abraham Lincoln shot by John Wilkes Booth and dies the next day.
24	1866	UK - Gregor Mendel, in Versuche über Pflantenhybriden, interpreted heredity in terms of a pairing of dominant and/or recessive unit characters; that is, ones that could in practice be treated as indivisible and independent particles UK - Alfred Nobel patented dynamite UK - Russell and Gladstone fail to have their moderate Reform Bill passed in parliament. Derby takes power in his third minority Conservative government UK - Englishman Robert Whitehead invents a torpedo. UK - J. Osterhoudt patents the tin can with a key opener.
25	1867	UK - Derby and Benjamin Disraeli's Second Reform Bill doubles the franchise to two million. UK - Christopher Scholes invents the first practical and modern typewriter.
26	1868	UK - Benjamin Disraeli succeeds Derby as Prime Minister. William Gladstone becomes Prime Minister for the first time UK - J P Knight invents traffic lights. USA - George Westinghouse invents air brakes. UK - Robert Mushet invents tungsten steel.
27	1869	UK - George M. Beard distinguished neurasthenia, a nervous disease of men, from hysteria, a women's disease, as, in an earlier time, men's hypochondriasis had been distinguished from women's vapeurs. Subforms of neurasthenia came to be called phobias. Ireland - The Irish Church is disestablished. Egypt - The Suez Canal is opened UK - Women obtain municipal franchise USA - Ulysses Grant president of the USA 1869-1877.
28	1870	UK - Primary education becomes compulsory in Britain through the Forster-Ripon English Elementary Education Act (but poor children still roam streets after school). The Act means labourers, spouses and children of succeeding generations can read and write; women permitted to sit on school boards UK - Parliament passes the Women's Property Act, extending the rights of married women, and the Irish Land Act UK - First British postcard devised by Anthony Trollope USA - Wheeler introduces toilet paper roll Inauguration of London to Calcutta telegraph line, first electronic link between Europe and India UK - Volume of Britain's external trade equals France, Germany and Italy combined, 3-4 times greater than US; agricultural wages reach height not surpassed for many years UK - Religious tests abolished for academic posts, patronage abolished for all public offices, competitive exams introduced for Civil Service Europe - Prussia defeats France in the Franco Prussian War.
29	1871	UK - Trade Unions are legalized
30	1872	UK - Secret voting is introduced for elections UK - Parliament passes the Scottish Education Act USA - A.M. Ward issues the first mail-order catalog. UK - J.S. Risdon patents the metal windmill. UK - Period to 1896 sees three economic slumps and two recoveries, said to be due to imported foodstuffs from US depressing Britain's agricultural business USA - Levi Strauss discovered rugged trousers for miners made out of sturdy brown canvas. Once this resource was exhausted, he turned to denim, which he dyed blue to become what is known now as blue jeans
31	1873	UK - William Gladstone's government resigns after the defeat of their Irish Universities Bill. Benjamin Disraeli declines to take up office instead UK - Parmalee invents automatic fire sprinklers UK - Joseph Glidden invents barbed wire. UK - The Great Depression lasts until 1896
32	1874	UK - Benjamin Disraeli becomes Conservative Prime Minister for the second time USA - American, C. Goodyear, Jr. invents the shoe welt stitcher.
33	1875	UK - Benjamin Disraeli purchases a controlling interest for Britain in the Suez Canal. UK - Parliament passes R.A. Cross's Conservative social reforms UK - Collapse of British agriculture due to cheap grain from US, wheat acreage falls by nearly a million acres
34	1876	USA - Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. Germany - Nikolas August Otto designed the first four-stroke piston engine UK - Queen Victoria becomes Empress of India. Bulgaria - The massacre of Christians in Turkish Bulgaria leads to anti-Turkish campaigns in Britain, led by William Gladstone UK - Melville Bissell patents the carpet sweeper.
35	1877	South Africa - Confederation of British and Boer states established USA - Rutherford Hayes president of the USA 1877-1881. USA - Thomas Edison invents the cylinder phonograph or tin foil phonograph. UK - Eadweard Muybridge invents the first moving pictures.
36	1878	Berlin, Germany - The Congress of Berlin is held. Benjamin Disraeli announces peace with honour
37	1879	South Africa - The Zulu War is fought. The British are defeated at Isandhlwana, but are victorious at Ulundi Midlothian, Scotland - Gladstone's Midlothian campaign denounces imperialism in South Africa and Afghanistan Afghanistan - Second Afghan War gives Britain control
38	1880	UK - William Gladstone establishes his second Liberal government South Africa - The first Anglo-Boer War begins UK - British forests now decimated except for bits of the New Forest and the Forest of Dean. UK - Number of agricultural labourers reduced by about 100,000 in last 10 years UK - Englishman John Milne invents the modern seismograph. UK - The British Perforated Paper Company invents a form of toilet paper.
39	1881	London, UK - Savoy Theatre introduces electric lighting London, UK - Parliament passes the Irish Land Act and the Coercion Act USA - Death of Billy the Kid USA - James Garfield president of the USA 1881. Garfield was wounded by an assassin's bullet on 3 Jul 1881 and dies 19 Sep 1881. UK - David Houston patents the roll film for cameras. USA - Alexander Graham Bell invents the first crude metal detector. UK - Edward Leveaux patents the automatic player piano. 19 Sep 1881: USA - Chester A. Arthur president of the USA 1881-1885. Vice president under James Garfield, he is sworn in as president upon the death of Garfield.
40	1882	Europe - A triple alliance is established between Germany, Austria and Italy USA - Standard Oil controls 95% of oil refining capacity UK - Stillwell invents brown paper bag Egypt - Revolt leading to British occupation

Martha Bradd 1843 - Aft 1882

Martha Bradd
1843 - Aft 1882